Closing the Output Gap in the United Kingdom Essay

Closing the Output Gap in the United Kingdom - Essay Example Of course, actual output is the recorded GDP of a given time that can be in nominal or real values. The nominal value refers to the prefers of the GDP synchronic to the prices or price reference of a given year while the real GDP can be valued in terms of a base or a reference prices of a reference year. Dornbush et al. (2008, p. 15) explained that the concept of an output gap provides a way of measuring the magnitude of the cyclical deviations of actual output from the potential output. The concept â€Å"potential output† is also interchangeable with the term â€Å"trend output† (Dornbusch et al. 2008, p. 15). From the economic perspective of Dornbusch et al., the output gap is negative during a recession and positive during an expansion (2008, p. 15). In a recession, resources are unemployed and actual output is below potential output. In contrast, during a positive gap or expansion, workers overtime and machineries are utilized more than the usual (Dornbusch 2008, p. 15). Positive gap or expansion is also known as an economic recovery (Dornbusch 2008, p. 15). For Mankiw (2006, p. 425), potential output or full employment output is more accurately the natural rate of output because â€Å"it shows what the economy produces when the unemployment is at its natural or normal rate†. At the same time, Mankiw pointed out that â€Å"the natural rate of output is the level of production toward which the economy gravitates in the long run† (2004, p. 425). According to classical viewpoint, the potential output or the natural rate of output depends on labour, capital, natural resources, and technological knowledge and, therefore, shifts in the potential output or natural rate of output depend on changes in the said variables (Mankiw 2004, p. 425). An output gap can promote price volatility.  

Windows displays Essay Example for Free

Windows displays Essay Firstly I had to choose the idea for the window display. I searched internet, looked in windows displays to other shops, heard to the advice of friends and decided to choose brandy. I selected the brandy, because I saw many examples in other window displays and much information about the brandy can be found on the Internet. Secondly, I made a few pictures on similar windows displays in town for my story board. In my story board I used different colour from light yellow to brown. I chose these colours, because, when we hear the word of brandy, we mean the following colours: light yellow, amber, light brown and brown. After the new oak barrels for 7-8 months, the alcohol becomes a light golden colour and filled with tannins. After 4-5 years, this metamorphosis occurs. Brandy alcohol becomes soft, velvety and rich. This is reflected in the variety of flower and fruit colours, as well as in sweet vanilla flavour, which appear primarily due to the transformation of lignin extracted from the oak. This flavour is a feature of young brandies. After 8-10 years of aging cognac alcohol becomes more gentle and harmonious. Inherent flavours much benefit in force, saturation, and persistence. Most important a bouquet, which is clearly felt by the noble tone leather, tobacco and honey. After 20 years, a bouquet of brandy alcohol becomes more intense and complex. To the shades of leather, tobacco and honey notes added candied orange, resins, mushrooms and undergrowth. You are so-called Rance (rancho) the aroma of an old, slightly oxidized wine, a little reminiscent of the forest, and almonds. This is the main characteristic of the good old spirits, which with age have become stronger. Brandy gets pretty fiery colour. The natural decline in the inherent strength and reduces the burning sensation of alcohol. The older the brandy, the longer it persists aftertaste (up to several minutes). I chose this style of writing (Mongolian Baiti 28), because it is well suited to the topic. I chose these accessories: glass, barrel and bottle, because brandy is stored in barrels, then bottle it off and drink out of glass. I hope my accessories were noticeable. Avoid excess pressure from the edge of your seat on the backs of your legs and knees. A footrest may be helpful, particularly for smaller users. Always carry scissors with the tapered end towards the floor; when passing to another person pass handle first. In this project I made pictures, chose colour and completed first window display in my life. I think this is good experience for me in the future. Displays are very effective in attracting the passing public to enter the shop and make purchases. If the window display or display outside the shop is attractive it immediately gives the impression that the goods inside are of good quality.

Communication Technologies For Health And Social Care Information Technology Essay

Communication Technologies For Health And Social Care Information Technology Essay In this unit the term assistive technology encompasses all technologies high tech, low tech and no tech which aid people disabled or normal to go about their daily life effectively and independently. In order to properly understand the uses and importance of Assistive Technology, some examples are sited below: A short sighted student puts on glasses so he/she can read, thus, the glasses are an assistive technology. A dyslexia patient cannot read the prescribed course texts and hence needs text-to speech software to scan and hear the words. Therefore both the scanner and the text-to-speech software are assistive technologies. Also it has being noted that managing money is not the only problem that we are being faced with in this present society. There are also problems of facilities, technologies and the need for health care professionals to work efficiently in satisfying clients wants and demands, which tends to be a vital issue. Scenario: You have been recruited to work in a care home for 3 months. The care home has a limited access and availability of todays assistive technologies. The manager introduces you to staff and residents as an experienced and valuable member of staff who has a good background in todays assistive technology that is used within the health and social care sector. Your main role is to develop an understanding of the value and the use of the assistive technologies, its applications and implications on service and service users. In relations to the above scenario write a detailed assignment covering the following points: 1 Investigate the use of and access to appropriate assistive and communication technologies for health and social care by: Describing a range of technologies and devices available for use within health and social care. Firstly, a brief introduction should be made on the meaning of Assistive Technology. These devices can be devices that substitutes or enhances physical or mental ability. According to Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), Assistive Technology devices are termed as any item, piece of equipment, or product system that is used to increase, maintain or improve functional capabilities of individuals with disabilities. These devices can be any homemade or commercially sold device which helps individuals perform some daily tasks and hence ranges from low tech to high tech (pencil grips, Braille readers, etc) In the UK, the government tend to encourage equal participation of all individuals especially those with disabilities and thus, extends the use of AT in the health and social care sectors. Prior to this, disabled personnels are considered as priorities in all cases which then lead to the term called Accommodation in the use of AT devices. WHAT THEN IS ACCOMODATION? It might sound rather daunting in using this word here, but it also plays a vital role as it relates to a way of modifying tasks for the disabled so that they can participate equally regardless of the nature of their condition. For instance, the use of calculator for a disabled student that cannot remember mathematic figures is a way of accommodating his/her present conditions. Describing a range of communications technologies available to services and service users. Analysing barriers to the use of assistive technologies in health and social care Poor short term memory in elderly ones Lower motivation and learning level present at elderly age Explaining benefits of technologies to organisations and individuals. Wellford in (Birren, J. 1959) agreed with the importance of AT which makes life easier for the elderly, but was pessimistic as well saying that these devices deteriorates rapidly as the complexity increases. also, Benefits of AT to individuals We are all aware that whenever change is being made, everyone wants to know the benefits of it to us. For instance, in the political field, different parties campaign for election, but before people cast their vote, they will like to know the manifesto and intentions of various candidates and what they have to offer which will be beneficial. Similarly, these disabled ones will like to know the benefits of these devices before they can accept it and listed below are some of the benefits of AT to individuals; Benefits of AT to an individual This can be categorized into different sections as illustrated below; Activities of daily life Inner relations Outer relations   The category applicable to individuals is the inner relations which encompasses of; Helping individuals to have a good self-esteem Building up their confidence by the use of the devices By also ensuring that they are safe from harm and risks By relieving them of some or all of their initial pains By eliminating discomfort in their lives Below are list of devices and products of different assistive technology been used. Ambulation Architectural Access Child Care Communication Computer Hardware Computer Software Ergonomics Farm Management Adaptations Health/Medical Equipment Hearing Technology Home Management Mobility Orthotics Personal Care Prosthethetics Recreation Seating Switches Therapeutic Aids Transportation Vision Technology Vocational/Educational Working Animals Ambulation canes cane accessories crutches crutch accessories walkers walker accessories Architectural Access bath tubs bathroom remodel bathroom sinks cabinets ceiling track lift chair stair lift doors/auto open drinking fountain elevators house plans kitchen remodel kitchen sinks/appliances lighting pool lifts ramps safety/security showers toilets wheelchair lifts Child Care cribs/playpens high chairs mattresses/bedding monitors strollers walkers Communication augmentative communication devices (electronic) book holders communication boards electric page turners head wands light pointers manual page turners mouth sticks personal voice amplification reading machines signal systems telephone access television adaptations typewriters typing aids writing aids Computer Hardware Braille printers computer supplies computer work stations cursor control expanded keyboards interface adaptation keyboards key guards mini keyboards other keyboards printers special computer systems tactile printers visual accessories/modifications voice recognition systems voice synthesizers Computer Software assessment/evaluation/training communication educational large print recreation/games special access switch operated talking tools/word processing/database voice recognition Ergonomics arm/wrist supports back supports CRT access ergo joystick industrial workstations office workstations seat/chair tools Hearing Technology alert/signal systems audio loop systems FM amplification systems Hearing aids infrared amplification systems personal amplification systems TDDs/TTYs telephone adaptations TV amplifiers TV decoders Home Management beds/mattresses food preparation housekeeping lift chairs/lift cushions other furniture protective bed/padding shopping aids special pillows Health/Medical Equipment blood pressure/pulse diabetic equipment dispenser aids other medical equipment pressure monitors scales signal systems stethoscopes thermometers Mobility adult bikes/trikes adult light weight adult travel chairs car seats/bed child light weight hand operated trikes manual stretchers manual wheelchair patient chairs portable ramps power stretchers powered standing wheelchair powered wheelchair recliner sports/racing standing wheelchair strollers three-wheeled mobility devices travel chairs Orthotics braces foot orthotics helmets restraints splints supports Personal Care bathing accessories carrying dishes/utensils drinking feeding accessories feeding devices grab bars/grips/handles grooming hygiene incontinent supplies mechanical transfer lift reaching shower/bath chair smoking stationary commode toileting accessories transfer board wheeled bath chair/commode Seating bolster chairs corner chairs decubitis cushion other cushions other therapeutic seats postural support hardware postural support systems pressure monitors wheelchair cushion Switches mounting hardware other switches wheelchair controls Therapeutic Aids ambulation training balance training crawling/scooting elevated mat tables exercise equipment fine motor gross motor hydrotherapy mats pain relief Para podiums perceptual motor positioning prone standers rolls/inclines sensory integration sexual aids side lying boards stand tables strengthening supine standers treatment tables upright frames Transportation assistive accessories driving controls motorcycles/conversions ramps seat belts vehicle access vehicle conversions vehicles wheelchair lifts wheelchair loaders/carriers wheelchair restraint systems Vision Technology braille clocks/watches labeling large button phone large print books magnification systems magnifiers sensors/safety/security speaker phone taped/audio books calculators other devices talking equipment Vocational/Educational adjustable tables classroom equipment education/instruction literature/books office equipment tools vocational assessment/training work station/desks (Word Count: 1250 Words) 2 Analyze how technology can be applied to support independent living by: 2.1 Analyzing how the use of assistive technologies may support independent living. As we all know, AT can only be beneficial if the solutions have a usability value for the individual end user. Prior to this, clients who also are humans have different needs in life which they will want to be respected and considered when introducing any device to them. These needs are classified as below: Physical (body) -Basics (food warmth, shelter), Protection, Medication Intellectual (Mind) Education, Stimulation Emotional (feelings) Support, love, respect Social (people) friends, mixing with others, seeing friends family, translators, Cultural-Ethnicity, religion, festivals, dress, language, diet, prayer times, community magazine From the above, we can now ensure that all or some of these needs are considered when providing devices for them. Fortunately for us and them as well, different ATs have being developed which supports them in the following ways; Different ways in which AT supports individuals Moving about in the home Knowing what clothes to put on Lifting up and holding a child Getting up in the morning Opening and shutting windows Understanding and being understood Dressing and undressing Managing incontinence Moving about for shopping and banking Making food to eat Managing medication Driving Playing various games Access to educational material and school Access to media Access to computers and regular software Weeding of garden, etc. 2.2 Evaluating the use of assistive technology for one specific health and social care service user. Making recommendations of how assistive technologies might enhance services for individuals with specific health and social care need Conclusions cannot just be made on how AT is important to the disbled without firstly, acknowledging that its efficiency is based on some criterions like; Characteristics of the individuals user Characteristics of the AT in use The service delivery process The integration of provision services into rehabilitation strategy (Word Count: 1000 Words) 3 Evaluate implications of developments in assistive technologies which have potential for application in health and social care by: Describing health and safety considerations in the use of assistive technologies. Analyzing ethical considerations in the use of assistive technologies. Describing the impact of recent and emerging technological developments on health and social care services, organizations and workers. Suggest how assistive technologies might influence the role or workers in health and social care in the future. (Word Count: 1000 Words)

The Dramatic Effect of El Nino on Southern Californias Seal and Sea Lion Population :: Animals Nature Environment essays Climate

At the beginning of our winter season, El Nino left some dramatic effects on our seal and sea lion population here in Southern California. Since June of 1997, about 6,000 sea mammals have perished on this San Miguel Island, 50 miles off the Ventura coast. This island is home to the largest population of seals and sea lions south of Alaska. Scientists estimate that there are approximately between 85,000 and 180,000 California sea lions breeding on this island and other Channel Islands. There are about 11,000 Northern Fur Seals on San Miguel Island. The adult sea lions go to northern California and British Columbia after they breed, while the pups are left behind around the central coast. In one of the most physical demonstrations of El Nino, oceanic warming drove away much of their food supply: squid, anchovies, herring, and sardines. The pups are spending most of their energy in search of colder waters for their daily intake of 30 pounds of food. Experts in marine biology are strictly observing and documenting the famine, not attempting to rescue the dying animals. They have been conducting studies on this island since the 1960s. Several rescue groups, such as Sea World located in San Diego, were ready to bring back the starving pups. However, the 1972 Marine Mammal Protection Act prohibits them from going to the remote island and disturbing their natural habitat. Experts would rather wait for the mammals to get washed up ashore than to separate a pup from its mother. The goal is to minimize human impacts. Scientists are now trying to learn from the mistakes they made when studying the effects of the 1983 El Nino. There was a research project conducted on the marine ecosystem at the Punta San Juan de Marcona sea lion reserve, a remote point of land on the coast about three hundred miles south of Lima, Peru. The project consisted of an in-depth study of the sea lion and the ecosystem it inhabits; it focused primarily on the behavior of more than fifteen thousand sea lions, the largest sea lion colony in the South American Pacific. Documenting the sea lions living traits for over 10 years, the biologists are also observing behavioral changes produced by El Nino, the same Pacific current that altered oceanic conditions. When El Nino dampens the point in warmer water, the sea lions' prey swims deeper. Consequently, the pups remain with their mothers longer, until they are able to dive themselves to hunt for food.

Bletchley Park Coursework Essay

1.) What can you learn from Source A about the work of Bletchley Park? From reading through source A, the reader can analyse that the work done in Bletchley Park was kept extremely confidential, due to the fact that when it came to infiltrating enemy intelligence, organisations had a tendency to keep the knowledge within the vicinity. In addition, the cryptologists and mathematicians that worked there had no idea as to what was happening in the consecutive huts because it was so departmentalized. In times when countries were at war, there was an almost obligatory need for secrecy, because one wrong move could determine the fate of either side. Any decoded messages were passed onto the other huts through narrow wooden tunnels that connected them. However, we only have the opinion of one worker within one hut, making it hard to decide whether or not this evidence is unsubstantiated. We do not know whether the government became lenient with the strict rules they implemented, whether it was towards the end of the war or at the middle. 2.) Does the evidence of Source C support the evidence of Sources A and B about the work of Bletchley Park? Explain your answer. In comparison with source C, A and B often convey a sense of perplexion, due to the fact that a significant amount of people weren’t aware of whether war was declared or not. Moreover, you have the continuous notion that people did not know the outcome of their work, or the purpose of the work done within the other huts. In some aspects, what the code breaker in source C has wrote is often similar to what the previous workers also wrote. For example, the source continues to mention the secrecy kept within the huts. Because there was such a crucial need for it, the workers did not know whether their breakthroughs were futile or not, for if the code they cracked had no significant meaning, then it would clearly be a waste of time if they received simultaneous discoveries which were of no value. If they did come across something of importance, it would be for the benefit of the war that they would not be informed, due to the fact that a minority of people would carry out certain acts of espionage. Since they were all written by workers that worked closely within Bletchley Park, I can only say that the sources inevitably have certain similarities, regarding the fact that their work was very covert, and that the groups were all departmentalised. However, the origin of the sources can cause differences between them. Source A was written in Hut 3, where as Source C was written in Hut 6, meaning that Source C may not support Source A after all because of the different locations that they were written in. This evidently causes problems, as the sources are of different origins. Again it is slightly biased, as they may have been recorded at different dates. Who knows whether they implemented a certain level of secrecy within each of the huts, depending on the necessity of the work they would have done. 3.) How useful are Sources D and E in helping you to understand how Bletchley Park was able to crack the Enigma codes? Source E is not exceptionally useful in helping you to understand how the British cracked the enigma code, as it is just a visual source. Nevertheless, you can see that this Machine helped them to interpret the incessant gibberish that they received from the Germans, via wireless stations that they had situated all across Britain. This machine or the â€Å"Enigma Machine† as it became known was where their mainstream of information was translated from the German ciphers into our dialect. It was a military cipher device, which helped the British purge the seas of enemies that lurked beneath the waters. All it consisted of were 3 reels which had the whole alphabet imprinted on them, and the whole of the alphabet on buttons that you pressed. Yet the German’s soon found out that their machine wasn’t as secure as they would have hoped, so they added another reel into it. In order for the cryptologists to translate the German codes, the Enigma machine had to be calibrated with exactly the same settings as the Enigma Machine that had sent the message. Source D simply sheds a negative light on the outcome of their work. Although logically categorising information seems to condense the ciphers that they received, it only made things more laborious as thousands of messages had to be decoded everyday. Pressure would mount as the codes to be cracked accumulated, making the cryptologists and other workers very anxious indeed. As always, there is always a â€Å"but†. Source D does not give any relevant information in some sense, because that is not where the main work took place. The codes were translated in Hut 3. On translating the ciphers, they would then be sent to Hut 6 to be deciphered. What’s more, is that being a visual source, source C does not offer any other information, other than the fact that they used this machine to decipher codes. This was not the only military machine that was used, as a newer version â€Å"Ultra† succeeded the Enigma Machine. 4.) Use Sources F and G and your own knowledge, to explain the importance of Bletchley Park to the war effort. During World War 2, many people weren’t aware of the audacity of Bletchley Park’s work towards the war effort, although vague details were described to them which weren’t enough to convince them of the magnitude of their work. However, the Prime Minister of Britain considered it as a great asset to the war. Winston Churchill was unlike his predecessor Neville Chamberlain, for he took a keen interest of the activities and the purpose of Bletchley Park. He considered it as an extremely significant help to the World War 2 effort, as can be seen from Source F, â€Å"Make sure that they have all that they want extreme priority.† He then follows on to say that they must take action this day, which signifies how much he admired their efforts to help facilitate with the English army. One of the beneficial uses of Bletchley Park was that they were able to get direct information of the German’s intentions. For example, whether they were planning pre-emptive strikes, or whether they were planning to ambush the British in areas known to them. Because the German’s assumed that the Enigma was safe to use, they passed noteworthy information on to people with high rank, even Hitler himself. They were also able to determine whether tips that they had received were bogus or not. Nonetheless, although they were able to get hold of information of some sort, it was sometimes ignored. The reader needs to keep in mind that it was not Bletchley Park that dealt with the physicality’s of war. In addition to what they knew, they could also form battle plans, and obtain information about reserves, which evidently put the British at some sort of an advantage, because they knew of their enemies attributes. One of the many successes of Bletchley Park was â€Å"Ultra†, for it provided an immense amount of information for the naval intelligence. It allowed the British to prevent German U-Boat’s from attacking their convoys. This was an extremely major triumph because: Britain was dependant on the convoys from America and Canada; they would often supply raw materials and food and send them through convoys. But with so many German U-Boats hidden within the endless depths of the Atlantic, the possibility of a convoy being sunk was almost inevitable. When the German’s introduced the four wheeled enigma â€Å"Shark†, the British intelligence lost almost all contact with their enemies U-Boats. The number of convoys sunk in the Atlantic rose rapidly, only until they were able to crack Shark in December 1942. The Germans once again had the advantage in the treacherous Atlantic. With the unravelling of Shark, the British were once again able to locate the positions of German U-Boats, which then led onto the success of the Battle of the Atlantic. 5.) Study all the Sources. The writer of Source I believed that Bletchley Park had a very great impact on the outcome of the Second World War. Use the sources and your own knowledge to explain whether you agree with this view. Bletchley Park, which was otherwise known as Station X had indeed a great impact perhaps not on the outcome of the war, but certainly on the progress of World War II itself. Although some historians would argue that Bletchley Park did not help Britain emerge victorious at the end of the war, they cannot deny that it was beneficial to the progress of the war, other than the outcome. From looking at Sources A to D, one can analyse that the work the cryptologists did wasn’t just a mere triviality of every day life. Its significance is perhaps not expressed as it should have been in the sources, but the workers obligation to maintain secrecy within their huts says enough. If their superiors did not uphold the need for secrecy, then perhaps the war would not have turned out as it has today, for espionage in such a reckless place would certainly be expected. In addition, the Prime Minister Winston Churchill took such a keen interest in Bletchley Park, that it was hard for individuals not to consider its work extremely valuable towards the war effort. The role of Prime Minister is considered very influential in Britain, and a position which grants its occupant a great deal of power. Hence this shows that because Churchill was importuned with such a grievous burden (leading Britain through World War II), the thing that he perceived to be a solution for the ominous U-Boats was Bletchley Park. In fact, it was partly because of them, that the number of German U-Boats diminished, during the battles fought at sea. The writer of Source I believed that Bletchley Park had a huge impact on the outcome of World War II, but to what extent? The many codes that Bletchley Park used to crack German codes, is supposedly the very reason why they were renowned for shortening the war. Due to the fact that they were able to crack German codes that they had intercepted by using codes such as â€Å"Ultra† or â€Å"Shark†, it allowed them to pin-point the location of German U-Boats, which were dealing severe blows to the convoys that were to export goods to Britain. Once they were able to translate German naval codes with â€Å"Dolphin†, destroying U-Boats during the Battle of the Atlantic became uncomplicated. And tonnes of shipping were saved from being sunk. However, once the U-Boats were withdrawn from the Atlantic, they began to pose a new threat in the Mediterranean. The British enjoyed a considerable amount of ease during the battles that they fought in North Africa, until the German U-Boats arrived. But once again, the British intelligence was able to crack the code permanently, which enabled them to fight back the German and Italian forces. Yet it was not always to their advantage for at times, they weren’t able to crack the codes fast enough. Perchance when they did, the translation would have no significance because of efforts made to crack it. By the time machines such as Bombe or Colossus were made, they would already have suffered from needless losses, which would have been prevented, if time were in their favour. This is indeed what happened in North Africa, for the messages that the Americans sent to the British were intercepted, and those that the Y Service received would be cracked a week after the Germans had transmitted them. Of course, the British obviously had other advantages over the German other than destroying their U-Boats. Because the Y Service was able to intercept messages of many origins, they were able to acquire information which they could then relate to their army. For instance, they could set up battle plans and formation tactics for the army, consequently helping them to succeed in battle. The messages that they intercepted would often lead into the army being aware of the Germans moves, for the reason that some messages were sent to the German general, or someone with a similar position. Information about their reserves was acquired, which meant that the English army new what they were up against, and therefore they would know when to take coercive actions or not. Nevertheless, no matter how much information Bletchley Park could intercept, it wasn’t them that would have to deal with the battles themselves. It was the soldiers and sailors that were to enforce these plans into actions, and it was them that had to fight the physical battle, the most imperative part of War. There was always a possibility that the British would suffer heavy casualties at the hands of the Germans, despite the fact that they knew of their intended actions. Other than that sometimes the information was ignored, since it wasn’t considered as something worth taking note of. Bletchley Park helped organise D-Day, on the 6th of June 1944. They helped to provide the Germans with bogus information, making them think that the allied army had camped in an area known to them. In reality, they merely used cloth and wood to reconstruct a camp which seemed real from a distance. So while the Germans were planning to ambush a camp that was non-existent, the Allied forces began the liberation of Europe. But again, it wasn’t Bletchley Park that brought final victory, for it was the army that enforced the information in a beneficial way. It was their actions and organisation offence wise, which made everything successful. After D-Day, Bletchley Park lost its influence. They were ignored when they passed on additional information, because the end of the war truly in sight. In conclusion, Bletchley Park was nothing more than a great help towards the War effort. Their labours was not what finalised the fact that the British would emerge victorious from the War, for it was not they that had to enforce plans and actions amongst men, who have different minds to that of computers. When victory was in their grasp, the Army neglected the information sent to them by Bletchley Park, to no consequence. The end of the war was in sight, as was Bletchley Park.